Quantifying social synergy in insect and human societies

What are the benefits of society? What are the adaptive advantages of social behavior? The fact that societies exist suggest that society favors synergies in the interactions between individuals. One such synergy or adaptive advantage might be the increased efficiency in the use of scarce resources. This has been postulated to occur in the “metabolic scaling law”, where larger organisms with more cells consume less energy per unit mass than smaller organisms. Here, I develop a similar scale-free index for social synergy applicable to energy consumption, and apply it to social insect colonies and human cities. The results show that all societies studied increase the efficiency of energy consumption with increased sizes. This study shows that social synergy is reliably quantifiable and that its increase with size is much larger in social insects than that observed with the metabolic scaling law in organisms. This allows for the first time to compare quantitatively very different societies, permitting novel studies in social dynamics, for example, the study shows that termite colonies achieve much higher social synergy than ant and honey bee colonies and that Brazilian cities achieve more social synergy than Danish or North American ones, posing new intriguing questions.