Assessing the measurement invariance of the Children's Hope Scale in Chinese and American adolescents

Previous studies of the Children's Hope Scale (CHS) have not compared its factor structure using samples of Chinese early adolescents and American early adolescents. Contrary to expectations, the one-factor model revealed a better fit for the Chinese sample (N = 1184) whereas the two-factor model revealed a better fit for the American sample (N = 1049). Full measurement invariance was not demonstrated for the two-factor model of the CHS with the Chinese adolescents. This finding indicated that researchers should not make mean level comparisons between the two factors of agency and pathways across early adolescents from these two nations. Partial scalar invariance was achieved for the one-factor model, which suggested that researchers may tentatively make comparisons between Chinese and American early adolescents using CHS total scores. Although caution should be exercised in interpreting the mean differences, Chinese adolescents reported a lower total mean level of hope than American adolescents. Differences in the findings are discussed within the collectivism-individualism framework.