Hydrogeology and hydrochemistry of the Upper Thal Doab (Pakistan)

Twenty-four (24) groundwater samples were analyzed for major cations and anions whereas fifty-eight (58) groundwater samples were used for environmental isotopes analysis to evaluate the groundwater quality, recharge mechanism and residence time in the Upper Thal Doab of Pakistan. It was observed that different water types exist in the study area, most of which belong to either NaCl or K-HCO3 water types. The hydrochemical data are projected graphically on various water quality diagrams to visualize and better understanding of the geochemistry of the area. The statistical analysis revealed medium to very high salinity hazard based on TDS, EC, MH, SSP and KR. Furthermore, groundwater from wells (TH-27, TH-32, TH36, TH-38, TH-43 and TH-47) is unsuitable for irrigation purposes. The environmental isotope analysis showed that the groundwater was recharged mainly by the Indus Basin Irrigation System (IBIS) and rainfall. Furthermore, younger waters are available along the River Indus and Chenab.