Tourism employee pro-environmental behavior: An integrated multi-level model

Employee pro-environmental behavior (E-PEB) is a complex phenomenon influenced by various level factors simultaneously. Previous single-level models are not enough to reveal the sophisticated relationships. This study proposes a multi-level model by integrating traditional individual, organizational, relational level constructs and a new proposed situational construct (e. g., national park goal identification). The model is tested in a national park-based tourism firm context. Five hundred ninety-nine employees of tourism firms located in two famous Chinese national parks and their gateway communities were surveyed offline and online. The results reveal that the two relational variables (i.e., national park goal identification and attitude toward environmental CSR) have significant effects on private E-PEB, while the organizational level variable (i.e., environmental CSR perception) significantly affects public E-PEB. This study contributes to E-PEB knowledge by providing a more comprehensive perspective from the multi-level model, especially integrating the national park factor and revealing the different influence mechanisms for private and public E-PEB.