Fundamental aspects of dilute acid hydrolysis/fractionation kinetics of hardwood carbohydrates. 1. Cellulose hydrolysis

Previous kinetic modeling and bench-scale demonstration efforts using batch, percolation, or plug-flow reactors for the dilute sulfuric acid hydrolysis of cellulose have concluded that glucose yields above 70% of theoretical were not possible. This has been explained to be a result of reactions involving glucose or the cellulose itself in a destructive manner, as well as hydrolyzed soluble oligomers which have been modified chemically so as not to release glucose. However, recently, we have demonstrated that near-quantitative yields of glucose from cellulose can indeed be obtained using a bench-scale shrinking-bed percolation reactor in which an internal spring compresses the biomass as the reaction progresses; The present study was initiated to gain a fundamental understanding of the kinetic sequences involved in these high yields. Three reactor configurations (batch, percolation, and shrinking-bed percolation) were studied using similar hydrolysis severities to begin addressing chemical, physical, and hypothesized boundary layer phenomenon governing rate-limiting steps of glucose release from two prehydrolyzed yellow poplar cellulosic substrates. The characteristics of the logarithmic release of glucose as well as the logarithmic disappearance of cellulose as a linear function of time were found to be reactor dependent. Use of a percolation reactor was described where the initial hydrolysis rate constant for cellulose using 0.07% w/w sulfuric acid at 225 degrees C is enhanced Et-fold compared to a batch reactor. Additionally, when lower hydrolysis severities are used for hydrolyzing yellow poplar cellulose in batch mode, biphasic kinetics were observed. Several hypothesized boundary layer resistances, such as structured water, viscosity, and re-hydrogen bonding of released glucose, will be suggested as diffusion resistances for released glucose to the bulk medium, which would be a function of the reactor configuration and define potential glucose yields.