A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Racial/Ethnic Differences and Similarities in Executive Function Performance in the United States

被引:24
|
作者
Rea-Sandin, Gianna [1 ]
Korous, Kevin M. [2 ]
Causadias, Jose M. [2 ]
机构
[1] Arizona State Univ, Dept Psychol, POB 871104, Tempe, AZ 85287 USA
[2] Arizona State Univ, Sch Social & Family Dynam, Tempe, AZ USA
关键词
meta-analysis; systematic review; executive function; racial/ethnic differences; NEUROPSYCHOLOGICAL TEST-PERFORMANCE; AFRICAN-AMERICANS; COGNITIVE PERFORMANCE; SOCIOECONOMIC-STATUS; RACIAL DISPARITIES; EFFECT SIZE; OLDER; RACE; BIAS; STRATIFICATION;
D O I
10.1037/neu0000715
中图分类号
B849 [应用心理学];
学科分类号
040203 ;
摘要
Objective: The extent that executive function performance varies between racial/ethnic groups in the United States is unclear, limiting future studies on the problems underlying these differences. The aim of this meta-analysis was to test two competing hypotheses: The cultural differences hypothesis asserts large differences between Whites and racial/ethnic minorities in the U.S., and small differences between- (e.g., African Americans, Latinos) and within- (e.g., Latinos: Mexican Americans, Cuban Americans) minority groups. The cultural similarities hypothesis posits small differences between Whites and minorities, and these differences are equal or smaller in magnitude than differences between- and within-minorities on executive function performance. We also tested moderators of these differences. Method: We focused on overall executive functioning performance and its three core components: inhibitory control, working memory, and cognitive flexibility.. A systematic search on PsycINFO, Web of Science, ERIC, PubMed, and ProQuest Dissertations and Theses Global identified 46 records (17% unpublished; 38 independent samples) with 56,067 total participants (M-age = 44.48 years; range = 3.05-80.45; 52% female; 39.5% racial/ethnic minority). Results: Absolute differences between Whites and minorities (d = 0.85, 95% CI [0.65, 1.05]) were larger in magnitude compared to between-minorities (d = 0.44, 95% CI [0.28, 0.60]) and within-minorities (d = 0.09, 95% CI [0.03, 0.15]). White-minority differences were moderated by type of executive function measure and year of data collection. Post hoc analyses revealed large relative differences between some groups but not others. Conclusions: Findings support the cultural differences hypothesis for executive function performance. This meta-analysis underscores the need to address social inequalities in the U.S. that drive performance differences.
引用
收藏
页码:141 / 156
页数:16
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