Going Deep: Using deep learning techniques with simplified mathematical models against XOR BR and TBR PUFs (Attacks and Countermeasures)

This paper contributes to the study of PUFs vulnerability against modeling attacks by evaluating the security of XOR BR PUFs, XOR TBR PUFs, and obfuscated architectures of XOR BR PUF using a simplified mathematical model and deep learning (DL) techniques. DL modeling attacks were invoked against PUFs with different stage sizes (e.g. 64, 128, 256) and all are implemented on FPGA chips. Obtained results show that DL modeling attacks could easily break the security of 4-input XOR BR PUFs and 4-input XOR TBR PUFs with modeling accuracy similar to 99%. Similar attacks were executed using single-layer neural networks (NN) and support vector machines (SVM) with polynomial kernel and the obtained results showed that single NNs failed to break the PUF security. Furthermore, SVM results confirmed the same modeling accuracy reported in previous research (similar to 50%). For the first time, this research empirically shows that DL networks can be used as powerful modeling techniques against these complex PUF architectures for which previous conventional machine learning techniques had failed. Furthermore, a detailed scalability analysis is conducted on the DL networks with respect to PUFs' stage size and complexity. The analysis shows that the number of layers and hidden neurons inside every layer has a linear relationship with PUFs' stage size, which agrees with the theoretical findings in deep learning. Consequently, A new obfuscated architecture is introduced as a first step to counter DL modeling attacks and it showed significant resistance against such attacks (16% - 40% less accuracy). This research provides an important step towards prioritizing the efforts to introduce new PUF architectures that are more secure and invulnerable to modeling attacks. Moreover, it triggers future discussions on the removal of influential bits and the level of obfuscation needed to confirm that a specific PUF architecture is resistant against powerful DL modeling attacks.