An Overview of Renewable Smart District Heating and Cooling Applications with Thermal Storage in Europe

A series of transformations in heat and cold distribution systems is undergoing with the introduction of 4th generation District Heating and Cooling (DHC) technologies. At the center of this process is the integration of renewable technologies, such as solar heating, geothermal systems with large heat pumps and cooling from natural water formations. In this context, smart DHC systems are designed and early prototype implementations are demonstrated in sites across the world. The purpose of this paper is to trace the latest advancements in existing DHC networks and to identify early smart city technologies incorporated. A summary of basic components and characteristics is attempted with focus on thermal storage technologies coupled with renewable heating and cooling.