Intrapulmonary administration of purified NEIL2 abrogates NF-κB-mediated inflammation

Aberrant or constitutive activation of nuclear factor kappa B (NF-kappa B) contributes to various human inflammatory diseases and malignancies via the upregulation of genes involved in cell proliferation, survival, angiogenesis, inflammation, and metastasis. Thus, inhibition of NF-kappa B signaling has potential for therapeutic applications in cancer and inflammatory diseases. We reported previously that Nei-like DNA glycosylase 2 (NEIL2), a mammalian DNA glycosylase, is involved in the preferential repair of oxidized DNA bases from the transcriptionally active sequences via the transcription-coupled base excision repair pathway. We have further shown that Neil2-null mice are highly sensitive to tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF alpha)and lipopolysaccharide-induced inflammation. Both TNF alpha and lipopolysaccharide are potent activators of NF-kappa B. However, the underlying mechanism of NEIL2's role in the NF-kappa B-mediated inflammation remains elusive. Here, we have documented a noncanonical function of NEIL2 and demonstrated that the expression of genes, such as Cxcl1, Cxcl2, Cxcl10, Il6, and Tnf alpha, involved in inflammation and immune cell migration was significantly higher in both mock- and TNF alpha-treated Neil2-null mice compared with that in the WT mice. NEIL2 blocks NF-kappa B's binding to target gene promoters by directly interacting with the Rel homology region of RelA and represses proinflammatory gene expression as determined by co-immunoprecipitation, chromatin immunoprecipitation, and electrophoretic mobility-shift assays. Remarkably, intrapulmonary administration of purified NEIL2 via a noninvasive nasal route significantly abrogated binding of NF-kappa B to cognate DNA, leading to decreased expression of proinflammatory genes and neutrophil recruitment in Neil2-null as well as WT mouse lungs. Our findings thus highlight the potential of NEIL2 as a biologic for inflammation-associated human diseases.