Monitoring early response to chemoradiotherapy with 18F-FMISO dynamic PET in head and neck cancer

Purpose There is growing recognition that biologic features of the tumor microenvironment affect the response to cancer therapies and the outcome of cancer patients. In head and neck cancer (HNC) one such feature is hypoxia. We investigated the utility of F-18-fluoromisonidazole (FMISO) dynamic positron emission tomography (dPET) for monitoring the early microenvironmental response to chemoradiotherapy in HNC. Experimental design Seventy-two HNC patients underwent FMISO dPET scans in a customized immobilization mask (0-30 min dynamic acquisition, followed by 10 min static acquisitions starting at similar to 95 min and similar to 160 min post-injection) at baseline and early into treatment where patients have already received one cycle of chemotherapy and anywhere from five to ten fractions of 2 Gy per fraction radiation therapy. Voxelwise pharmacokinetic modeling was conducted using an irreversible one-plasma two-tissue compartment model to calculate surrogate biomarkers of tumor hypoxia (k(3) and Tumor-to-Blood Ratio (TBR)), perfusion (K-1) and FMISO distribution volume (DV). Additionally, Tumor-to-Muscle Ratios (TMR) were derived by visual inspection by an experienced nuclear medicine physician, with TMR > 1.2 defining hypoxia. Results One hundred and thirty-five lesions in total were analyzed. TBR, k(3) and DV decreased on early response scans, while no significant change was observed for K-1. The k(3)-TBR correlation decreased substantially from baseline scans (Pearson's r = 0.72 and 0.76 for mean intratumor and pooled voxelwise values, respectively) to early response scans (Pearson's r = 0.39 and 0.40, respectively). Both concordant and discordant examples of changes in intratumor k3 and TBR were identified; the latter partially mediated by the change in DV. In 13 normoxic patients according to visual analysis (all having lesions with TMR = 1.2), subvolumes were identified where k3 indicated the presence of hypoxia. Conclusion Pharmacokinetic modeling of FMISO dynamic PET reveals a more detailed characterization of the tumor microenvironment and assessment of response to chemoradiotherapy in HNC patients than a single static image does. In a clinical trial where absence of hypoxia in primary tumor and lymph nodes would lead to de-escalation of therapy, the observed disagreement between visual analysis and pharmacokinetic modeling results would have affected patient management in <20% cases. While simple static PET imaging is easily implemented for clinical trials, the clinical applicability of pharmacokinetic modeling remains to be investigated.