Water Activity and Temperature Effects on Fungal Growth and Ochratoxin A Production by Ochratoxigenic Aspergillus carbonarius Isolated from Tunisian Grapes

This study investigated the effects of temperature (15 to 37 degrees C) and water activity (0.90 to 0.99) on the growth and production of ochratoxin A (OTA) by Aspergillus carbonarius cultured on synthetic nutrient medium (SNM) after 5 and 10 d of incubation. Total of 8 ochratoxigenic A. carbonarius, isolated from vineyards located in different regions of Tunisia, were used. Growth data were modeled by the flexible model of Baranyi and growth rates at each set of conditions were obtained. For both growth and OTA production, optimal water activity was 0.99; however, optimal temperature varied. The optimal temperature for growth was 30 degrees C. At 37 degrees C, the growth rate decreased significantly (P < 0.05). Maximum toxin production occurred at temperatures in the range of 15 to 25 degrees C with the optimum one depending on the isolate tested. Significant amounts of OTA were produced after only 5 d of incubation. Our results showed that A. carbonarius isolated from Tunisian grapes behave as those from European and Australian grapes, as reported in the literature, although some differences in trends for growth and OTA production were observed.