Enabling and Constraining Conditions for Co-production with Vulnerable Users: A Case Study of Refugee Services

This article explores co-production as processes occurring at three levels: at the level of service interactions, at the organizational level, and at the system level. We propose next that two forms of co-production may take place at these three levels: co-production through direct participation and co-production through representation. We use these conceptualizations to outline a framework for analyzing conditions for co-production with vulnerable users, and we explore the applicability of the framework in the context of public services for refugees. Insights from the case are finally used as a basis for evoking more general discussions on co-production with vulnerable users.