Pigtail catheters versus traditional chest drains for pneumothorax treatment in two NICUs

Pneumothorax in newborns can be life-threatening. The traditional treatment of pneumothorax is chest drain placement. Recently, modified pigtail catheter has been proposed as a less traumatic approach despite limited experience in infants. To compare the effectiveness and safety of pigtail catheters versus traditional straight chest drains in term and preterm infants with pneumothorax, in two tertiary neonatal units: Policlinico Hospital in Bari, IT and John Radcliffe Hospital in Oxford, UK. We retrospectively reviewed medical records of 47 newborns with pneumothorax admitted to the two units between October 2009 and June 2017, and treated with either pigtail catheters or straight chest drains. Three newborns (6.7%) were excluded from the study because they were treated with both types of drains. The remaining 44 neonates were included in the analysis. Overall, 56.8% (n = 25/44) of pneumothoraces were drained with pigtail catheters and 43.2% (n = 19/44) with straight drains. No differences in gestational age and birth weight were found. The success rate, defined as complete radiological resolution of the pneumothorax after drainage, was significantly higher in the pigtail group (96.0% versus 73.7%; p < 0.05). Days of drainage, length of hospital stay and duration of respiratory support were not significantly different. Subcutaneous emphysema and drain dislodgement/malfunction occurred only in the straight drain group (0.0% versus 11.1%; p = 0.181). No significant differences in mortality between the two groups were found (28.0% pigtail group versus 26.3% straight drain group; p > 0.05). Conclusion: Pigtail catheters are a safe and effective alternative to traditional chest drains for infants with pneumothorax.What is Known:center dot Air leaks in newborns can represent an emergency, especially among preterms;center dot The first treatment in a life-threatening pneumothorax is thoracentesis with needle aspiration or placement of a chest drain.What is New:center dot Pigtail catheter have been described as an alternative to traditional chest drains;center dot Pigtail catheters are a safe and effective alternative to traditional chest drains for infants with pneumothorax.