Histochemistry, immunohistochemistry and cytochemistry of the anterior midgut region of the stingless bee Melipona quadrifasciata and honey bee Apis mellifera (Hymenoptera: Apidae)

The anterior midgut region of stingless bees is anatomically differentiated with tall and narrow cells, whereas in other social and solitary bees this anatomical gut region is lacking. The objective of the present study was to describe the histochemistry, immunohistochemistry and cytochemistry of the anterior midgut region of the stingless bee Melipona quadrifasciata in comparison with the honey bee Apis mellifera. The anterior midgut region of both species was evaluated for identification of the enzymes beta- galactosidase, glucose-6-phosphatase, acid phosphatase, and alkaline phosphatase, the membrane transporter aquaporin, the hormone FMRF-amide, and lysosomes. Histology of the anterior midgut region showed that this region in M. quadrifasciata workers did not present external folds of the wall, whereas the following midgut wall presented many. In A. mellifera, folds in the midgut wall occur starting from the fore-midgut transition region. Despite these morphological differences, the tests evaluated were similar in both species. beta-galactosidase was not found in the anterior midgut cells. Glucose-6-phosphatase and acid phosphatase occurred in the apical region of the gut epithelium. Alkaline phosphatase occurred in vesicles in apical cytoplasm and in the basal plasma membrane infoldings of the epithelial cells. Aquaporin was found in the basal region of the midgut epithelium and in the associated visceral muscles. FMRFamide was found only in nerve endings in the anterior midgut region. All cells in the anterior midgut region were rich in lysosomes. These results suggest that in both bee species, although they have anatomically different anterior midgut regions, these regions present high metabolic activity and function in cellular homeostasis, lipid absorption and are under neurohormone control.