Adaptive immune responses to SARS-CoV-2 q

1. Introduction 1 1.1. T-cell responses against SARS-CoV-2. 1 1.1.1. Lymphopenia during COVID-19 1 1.1.2. T cells and COVID-19 pathogenesis 1 1.2. T cell protective immunity and antigen specificity 2 2. Antibody responses against SARS-CoV-2 3 2.1. Antibody kinetics 3 2.2. Protective antibody responses 3 2.3. Neutralizing antibody epitopes 4 2.4. Antibody-dependent enhancement of infection (ADE) 4 3. Conclusions 4 References 5 This review focuses on adaptive immune responses against SARS-CoV-2, the coronavirus that causes COVID-19. A great deal of work has been accomplished in a very short period of time to describe adaptive immune responses and to ascertain their roles in determining the course of infection. As with other viral infections, SARS-CoV-2 elicits both antibody and T-cell responses. Whereas antibody responses are likely effective in preventing infection and may participate in controlling infection once established, it is less clear whether or not they play a role in pathogenesis. T cells are likely involved in controlling established infection, but a pathogenic role is also possible. Longer term evaluation is necessary to determine the durability of protective immune responses. (c) 2021 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.