Behaviour of slender RC columns with inclination

In this paper, the non-linear behaviour of slender reinforced concrete (RC) columns with inclination is investigated. The available studies on inclined columns (not struts) are not sufficient in comparison with those on conventional columns and struts. The critical buckling load of inclined slender columns is derived first using second-order analysis, then three-dimensional finite-element (FE) models are created to propose a relationship to estimate the effective flexural rigidity of straight columns pushed up to buckling threshold. Finally, the buckling loads estimated using FE models of inclined columns and the proposed effective flexural rigidity are further used to evaluate the effective length factor of inclined columns at various slenderness ratios, inclination angles and boundary conditions. It is concluded that the effective flexural rigidity depends on the slenderness ratio at buckling threshold. The response of slender leaning RC columns is extensively studied and recommendations regarding effective length factor are given.