Development and validation of a high-throughput radiometric CYP2C9 inhibition assay using tritiated diclofenac

A rapid and sensitive radiometric assay for assessing the potential of drugs to inhibit cytochrome P450 (P450) 2C9 in human liver microsomes is described. In contrast to the conventional diclofenac 4'-hydroxylation assay, the new method does not require high performance liquid chromatography ( HPLC) separation and mass spectrometry. The assay is based on the release of tritium as tritiated water that occurs upon CYP2C9-mediated 4'-hydroxylation of diclofenac labeled with tritium in the 4' position. The radiolabeled product is separated from the substrate using 96- well solid-phase extraction plates. The reaction is NADPH-dependent, and sensitive to CYP2C9 inhibitors and inhibitory monoclonal antibodies, but not to inhibitors of or antibodies against other P450 enzymes. Competition experiments using tritiated and unlabeled diclofenac indicated that CYP2C9-mediated diclofenac 4'-hydroxylation exhibits positive cooperativity and no significant kinetic isotope effect or NIH shift. IC50 values for 18 structurally diverse chemical inhibitors were not significantly different from those determined in the diclofenac 4'-hydroxylation assay, using HPLC-tandem mass spectrometry. All the steps of the new assay, namely, incubation, product separation, and radioactivity counting, are performed in 96-well format and can be automated. This assay thus represents a high-throughput version of the classic diclofenac 4'-hydroxylation assay, which is one of the most widely used methods to assess the potential for CYP2C9 inhibition of new chemical entities.