Comorbidity of ADHD and adult bipolar disorder: A systematic review and meta -analysis

Attention-deficit / hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and Bipolar Disorder (BD) are common mental disorders with a high degree of comorbidity. However, no systematic review with meta-analysis has aimed to quantify the degree of comorbidity between both disorders. To this end we performed a systematic search of the literature in October 2020. In a meta-analysis of 71 studies with 646,766 participants from 18 countries, it was found that about one in thirteen adults with ADHD was also diagnosed with BD (7.95 %; 95 % CI: 5.31?11.06), and nearly one in six adults with BD had ADHD (17.11 %; 95 % CI: 13.05?21.59 %). Substantial heterogeneity of comor-bidity rates was present, highlighting the importance of contextual factors: Heterogeneity could partially be explained by diagnostic system, sample size and geographical location. Age of BD onset occurred earlier in patients with comorbid ADHD (3.96 years; 95 % CI: 2.65?5.26, p < 0.001). Cultural and methodological dif-ferences deserve attention for evaluating diagnostic criteria and clinicians should be aware of the high comor-bidity rates to prevent misdiagnosis and provide optimal care for both disorders.