Interannual Variability of Tropical Atlantic-to-Pacific Moisture Transport Linked to ENSO, Atlantic Nino, and the Freshwater Budget in the Northwestern Tropical Atlantic

Moisture transport from the Atlantic to Pacific is important for the basin-scale freshwater budget and the formation of meridional ocean circulation. Although the climatological tropical Atlantic-to-Pacific moisture transport (TAPMORT) has been well investigated, few studies have focused on its variability. Here we investigate the interannual variability of TAPMORT based on the atmospheric reanalysis datasets. The TAPMORT interannual variability is dominated by the variations of transbasin winds across Central America, and peaks in late boreal summer and late boreal winter. 1) In late summer, a developing El Nino and a mature Atlantic Nina set up an interbasin sea surface temperature (SST) gradient that strengthens the low-level jet across Central America and therefore TAPMORT (with weakened TAPMORT for opposite signed events). This process typically occurs from July to September, with a peak in August. 2) In late winter, the strengthened southern North American center of the Pacific-North American (PNA)-like pattern intensifies the TAPMORT variations. Although atmospheric interannual variability dominates these variations, extreme El Nino events are also important for the teleconnections. This process shows a single peak in February, in contrast to the persistent peak in late summer. We further demonstrate that the persistent TAPMORT variability in late summer dominates the moisture divergence over the northwestern tropical Atlantic and modulates freshwater flux there. Thus, our study improves the understanding of how TAPMORT interannual variability and the related interbasin SST gradient regulate the northwestern tropical Atlantic freshwater budget and the related salinity variability.