Severe hypokalemia in the emergency department: A retrospective, single-center study

Background and Aims Hypokalemia is one of the most common problems in the emergency department (ED). Severe hypokalemia, defined as a serum potassium level <= 2.5 mEq/L, is a relatively uncommon electrolyte disorder, and few studies have reported its prevalence, etiology, symptoms, and management in the ED. Therefore, we aimed to investigate them in this study. Methods This retrospective single-center study included adult patients whose serum potassium levels were measured in the ED between 2012 and 2019. Data including age, sex, serum potassium levels, and serum creatinine levels were collected from the electronic medical records. Results The serum potassium levels of 21,616 adult patients were measured. The median age of these patients was 73 years (range: 57-83 years), and 38% were men. The prevalence of severe hypokalemia was 0.4%. The most common symptom of symptomatic severe hypokalemia was weakness (p = 0.001). Malnutrition, use of Japanese herbal medicine, and use of diuretics were the main causes of severe hypokalemia. Sixty-one patients (70%) underwent electrocardiography. Fifty-nine patients (68%) received treatment for severe hypokalemia within one day of the visit. Conclusion The management of severe hypokalemia in the ED may be suboptimal. Emergency physicians should be vigilant to avoid missing hypokalemia.