Mapping Glacier Ablation With a UAV in the North Cascades: A Structure-from-Motion Approach

The glaciers of the North Cascades have experienced mass loss and terminus retreat due to climate change. The meltwater from these glaciers provides a flux of cold glacier meltwater into the river systems, which supports salmon spawning during the late summer dry season. The Nooksack Indian Tribe monitors the outlet flow of the Sholes Glacier within the North Cascades range with the goal of understanding the health of the glacier and the ability of the Tribe to continue to harvest sustainable populations of salmon. This study compares the UAV derived glacier ablation with the discharge data collected by the Tribe. We surveyed the Sholes Glacier twice throughout the 2020 melt season and, using Structure-from-Motion technology, generated high resolution multispectral orthomosaics and Digital Elevation Models (DEMs) of the glacier on each of the survey dates. The DEMs were differenced to reveal the surface height change of the glacier. The spectral data of the orthomosaics were used to conduct IsoData unsupervised classification. This process divided the survey area into Snow, Ice, and Rock classes that were then used to attribute the surface height changes of the DEMs to either snow or ice melt. The analysis revealed the glacier lost an average thickness of -0.132 m per day (m d-1) with snow and ice losing thickness at similar rates, -0.130 m d-1 and -0.132 m d-1 respectively. DEM differencing reveals that a total of -550,161 & PLUSMN; 45,206 m3 water equivalent (w.e.) was discharged into Wells Creek between the survey dates whereas the stream gauge station measured a total discharge of 350,023 m3. This study demonstrates the ability to spectrally classify the UAV data and derive discharge measurements while evaluating the small-scale spatial variability of glacier melt. Assessing ablation in small alpine glaciers is of great importance to downstream communities, like the Nooksack Indian Tribe who seek to understand the magnitude and timing of glacier melt in order to better protect their salmon populations. With this paper, we provide a baseline for future glacier monitoring and the potential to connect the snow surface properties with the rate of snow melt into a warming future.