Prenatal alcohol exposure and adverse fetal growth restriction: findings from the Japan Environment and Children's Study

Backgrounds Japanese studies on the association between maternal alcohol consumption and fetal growth are few. This study assessed the effect of maternal alcohol consumption on fetal growth. Methods This prospective birth cohort included 95,761 participants enrolled between January 2011 and March 2014 in the Japan Environment and Children's Study. Adjusted multiple linear and logistic regression models were used to assess the association between prenatal alcohol consumption and infant birth size. Results Consumption of a weekly dose of alcohol in the second/third trimester showed a significant negative correlation with standard deviation (SD; Z) scores for body weight, body length, and head circumference at birth, respectively. Consumption of a weekly dose of alcohol during the second/third trimester had a significant positive correlation with incidences of Z-score <= -1.5 for birth head circumference. Associations between alcohol consumption in the second/third trimester and Z-score <= -1.5 for birth weight or birth length were not significant. Maternal alcohol consumption in the second/third trimester above 5, 20, and 100 g/week affected body weight, body length, and head circumference at birth, respectively. Conclusion Low-to-moderate alcohol consumption during pregnancy might affect fetal growth. Public health policies for pregnant women are needed to stop alcohol consumption during pregnancy. Impact This study examined the association between maternal alcohol consumption and fetal growth restriction in 95,761 pregnant Japanese women using the prospective birth cohort. Maternal alcohol consumption in the second/third trimester more than 5, 20, and 100 g/week might affect fetal growth in body weight, body length, and head circumference, respectively. The findings are relevant and important for educating pregnant women on the adverse health effects that prenatal alcohol consumptions have on infants.