Frequent downregulation of 14-3-3 σ protein and hypermethylation of 14-3-3 σ gene in salivary gland adenoid cystic carcinoma

14-3-3 sigma, a target gene of the p53 tumour suppressor protein, has been shown to regulate the cell cycle at the G2/M checkpoint. Recent studies have demonstrated that 14-3-3 sigma is downregulated by hypermethylation of the CpG island in several types of cancer. In this study, we investigated the expression and methylation status of 14-3-3 sigma in human salivary gland adenoid cystic carcinoma (ACC) and mucoepidermoid carcinoma (MEC). Immunohistochemical analysis revealed that the positive expression rate of 14-3-3 sigma in ACC ( one out of 14) was markedly lower than that in MEC ( ten out of 10). Since most of the ACCs carried the wild-type p53 protein, downregulation of 14-3-3 sigma in ACC may not be due to the dysfunction of p53 pathway. Microdissection - methylation-specific PCR revealed that frequent hypermethylation of the 14-3- 3 sigma gene was observed in ACC when compared to that in MEC. In cultured-ACC cells, we confirmed the downregulation of 14-3- 3 sigma via hemimethylation of the gene by sequencing analysis after sodium bisulphite treatment. Furthermore, re-expression of 14-3- 3 s in the ACC cells was induced by the treatment with DNA demethylating agent, 5-aza-2'-deoxycytidine. Irradiation apparently induced the enhanced expression of 14-3- 3 sigma and G2/M arrest in normal salivary gland cells; however, in the ACC cells, neither induction of 14-3- 3 sigma nor G2/M arrest was induced by irradiation. These results suggest that downregulation of 14-3- 3 sigma might play critical roles in the neoplastic development and radiosensitivity of ACC.