Fundamental aspects of graphene and its biosensing applications

The worldwide frontiers of research have experienced a flood of developments in advanced nanomaterials. Among these, graphene, a member of the carbon family, has now replaced many traditional materials and broadened the horizons of material chemistry, analytical chemistry, pharmaceutics, and other multidisciplinary fields. Owing to the exceptional properties of graphene, it has been widely utilized in various nanocomposites as a reinforcing material and for biosensing components. The present review serves as a familiarization for budding researchers in the materials science and analytical fields, where the use of graphene in biosensing-related applications had long been foreseen. Furthermore, we also offer a brief review of graphene's tunable properties for biosensing. This article describes the actual mechanisms of interfaces that interact with graphene, such as immunogenic agents, bacteria, and other biomolecules. We also discuss the application of graphene-based materials to the biosensing of a range of analytes, and the challenges and future perspectives of graphene. Thus, this review gives a detailed insight into biosensing with graphene, graphene's fundamental properties, and application perspectives.