Epithelial sodium channel, salt intake, and hypertension

The epithelial sodium channel (ENaC) is a membrane protein made of three different but homologous subunits (alpha, beta, and gamma) present in the apical membrane of epithelial cells of, for example, the distal nephron. This channel is responsible for salt reabsorption in the kidney and can cause human diseases by increasing channel function in Liddle's syndrome, a form of hereditary hypertension, or by decreasing channel function in pseudohypoaldosteronism type I, a salt-wasting disease in infancy. This review briefly discusses recent advances in understanding the implication of ENaC in Liddle's syndrome and in pseudohypoaldosteronism type I, both caused by mutations in the SCNN I (ENaC) genes. Furthermore, it is still an open question to which extent SCNNI genes coding for ENaC might be implicated in essential hypertension. The development of Scnn I genetically engineered mouse models will provide the opportunity to test the effect of environmental factors, like salt intake, on the development of this kind of salt-sensitive hypertension.