Quest for Nonaqueous Multivalent Secondary Batteries: Magnesium and Beyond

Solar radiation provides direct energy input to the earth's biosphere sustaining both biological and physical processes. Monumental industrial progress was ushered in by the discovery of technologies which enabled the recycling and repurposing of a portion of this energy by combustion of fossilized carbon matter derived from living tissues. Motive power represents an additional and a substantial opportunity for utilizing energy storage to minimize emissions of pollutants and greenhouse gases as well as substantially reduce fuel consumption. Toyota considers this a top priority and introduced the first-generation hybrid electric Prius in Japan in 1997. Currently, Toyota sells numerous hybrid models; consumer acceptance of this technology has resulted in global sales of 3.1 million hybrid electric vehicles (HEV).