Demography of barren-ground grizzly bears

Between May 1995 and June 1999, we equipped 81 barren-ground grizzly bears (Ursus arctos) with satellite radio collars within a study area of 235 000 km(2), centred 400 km northeast of Yellowknife, Northwest Territories, Canada. We used data from radiotelemetry to estimate survival rates, reproductive parameters, and the finite rate of increase of the population (lambda). The annual survival rate of adult females was estimated at 0.979 (95% confidence intervals (CI) = 0.955-0.998), while the survival rate of adult males was 0.986 (95% CI = 0.942-1.0). The cub survival rate was 0.737 (95% CI = 0.600-0.844) and the yearling survival rate was 0.683 (95% CI = 0.514-0.821). Cub litter size averaged 2.23 (SE = 0.13, n = 35), while yearling litter size decreased to a mean of 1.86 (SE = 0.12, n = 35). The mean litter size of females with 2-year-olds was 1.85 (SE = 0.15, n = 20). The mean birth interval was 2.8 years (SE = 0.3 years, n = 17). The mean reproductive interval, which is calculated by excluding the loss of whole litters from the sample, was 3.9 years (SE = 0.4 years, n 9). Mean litter size divided by mean birth interval yielded an annual natality rate of 0.81 cubs per adult female per year. The mean age at first parturition was 8.1 years (SE 0.5 years, n = 10). We believe the population to be currently stable or slightly increasing (lambda = 1.033, 95% CI 1.008-1.064).