Paediatric cutaneous mucormycosis: A case report and review of the literature

Background Mucormycosis has emerged as an increasingly important fungal disease for immunocompromised children and neonates, with the cutaneous form being one of its most common presentations. Methods We present a cutaneous mucormycosis case in a 10-year-old girl and analyse reports of single cases and case series of cutaneous mucormycosis in <= 16-year-old patients, recorded in PUBMED from 1953 to 2020, for epidemiology, risk factors, diagnostic and therapeutic procedures and outcome. Results 113 cases were enrolled. Median age was 5 years (Interquartile Range [IQR] 10.9), without gender predominance. Underlying conditions were haematologic malignancies/disorders (25.7%), prematurity (23%), solid organ transplantation (3.5%), diabetes mellitus type 1 (4.4%), immunodeficiency and other diseases (14.2%), and no underlying conditions (29.2%). Inoculation occurred through major trauma (12.4%), including surgery and motor vehicle accidents, catheter sites (27.4%), dressings, patches and probes (11.5%), burns and farm-related accidents (8.8%). Rhizopus spp. was most frequently isolated (43.4%), followed by Lichtheimia corymbifera (9.7%), Saksenaea vasiformis (8%), Mucor and Rhizomucor spp. (5.3% each), other species/combinations (7.2%) and unspecified isolates (21.2%). Surgery was combined with antifungals in 62.8%. Each was performed solely in 27.4% and 6.2%, respectively. Amphotericin B was used in 78% (alone in 55.8% and combined with other antifungals in 22.2%) of the cases. Overall mortality was 26.5%. In regression analysis, prematurity and haematologic malignancies/disorders were associated with increased mortality, whereas combination of antifungals and surgery with improved survival. Conclusion Cutaneous mucormycosis mainly affects premature infants and children with haematologic malignancies/disorders. Outcome is improved when active antifungal therapy and surgery are combined.