Undiagnosed Diseases: Italy-US Collaboration and International Efforts to Tackle Rare and Common Diseases Lacking a Diagnosis

Rare diseases (RD), according to European Union criteria, affect 5 per 10,000 persons, or 30 million people, in the EU; in the USA, RD are defined as conditions that affect fewer than 200,000 individuals in the population (320 million). Most known rare disorders are severe and chronic, with many being degenerative and life threatening. There are roughly 5000-8000 rare diseases (European Commission, DG Health and Food Safety, Public Health, Rare Diseases, Policy. http://ec.europa.eu/health/rare_diseases/policy/index_en.htm. Accessed 19 December 2016; NORD-The National Organization for Rare Diseases: https://rarediseases.org/). Patient populations for individual RD are small and scattered; international collaborations are crucial to pool resources fragmented across individual countries for better diagnosis and treatment. Undiagnosed RD (URD) are condi-tions that elude diagnosis; some patients wait years for a definitive diagnosis. URD may include groups of unnamed disorders with common characteristics, phenotypically well described diseases, diseases with an unknown molecular basis, or those due to unknown, non-genetic factors. The US NIH Undiagnosed Diseases Program arose in 2008 to provide a diagnosis for individuals who had long sought one without success; in 2013 a nationwide Undiagnosed Diseases Network was established in the United States. In 2015, the Undiagnosed Disease Network International (UDNI) was established and includes US, Australia, Canada, Japan, Italy and other European countries. Other national initiatives have also been undertaken and are in progress all over the world.