Pulsed and continuous light UV LED: microbial inactivation, electrical, and time efficiency

Ultraviolet light emitting diodes (UV LEDs) have increasing applications in the inactivation of microorganisms in water, air, food, and on surfaces. System designers currently have metrics for comparison of the microbial and energy efficiency of UV LEDs, but these have not included a time component. Without including the time efficiency of a UV LED, neither the fluence-basis nor the electrical-basis of comparison clarifies which UV LED wavelength and operating condition is optimal for a design space. This research explores microbial inactivation of UV LEDs at various wavelengths under continuous and pulsing operating conditions. Planktonic microorganisms of relevance to public water supplies and UV system design are included: E. coli and MS-2 for benchmarking against previous studies and P. aeruginosa which has not been studied in pulsed systems or for continuous and combined UV LED wavelengths. Pulsing UV LEDs at various duty rates (percent of cycle spent on) and frequencies (number of cycles per second) does not result in a statistically significant disinfection performance difference over the continuous light operation at that respective wavelength. UV LEDs emitting at peak wavelengths corresponding to the peak action spectrum of a microorganism are optimal on a fluence-basis, but these are typically less electrically efficient UV LEDs. System designers can compare the normalized microbial inactivation, electrical, and time efficiencies (E-NETO) of various UV LEDs; E-NETO >= 1 for a pulsing condition ensures equal or improved efficiency compared to the continuous light condition while expanding the lifetime of the UV LED and decreasing the size or cost of associated power supplies. (C) 2019 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.