Recent advances in kinetic optimizations of cathode materials for rechargeable magnesium batteries

Rechargeable magnesium batteries (RMBs) have been considered an attractive candidate as beyond lithium-ion battery technology due to their abundant reserves, low cost and dendrite-free deposition pro-cess. However, one of the main obstacles in utilizing RMBs as a commercial system is the sluggish diffu-sion kinetics of Mg ions in cathode materials owing to the high charge density and strong electrostatic interactions, thus leading to inferior magnesium-storage capability. The recent tremendous efforts on cathode materials of RMBs provide precious experience, enlightening novel material engineering associ-ated with emerging magnesium electrochemical systems. We first elucidate the underlying battery reac-tion mechanisms toward rational battery designs. We then summarize the status and issues of cathode materials, present the advanced kinetics optimization strategies and make the in-depth analyses of structure-kinetics correlations for some major research breakthroughs on high-performance batteries. The future development perspectives are also prospected about battery research. This review provides significant guidelines for exploring desirable cathode materials toward advanced magnesium-based energy storage systems.(c) 2022 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.