The Effects of Racial Socialization on the Racial and Ethnic Identity Development of Latinas

Extant research focusing primarily on non-Latina/o Blacks has shown that the racial socialization process has 2 dimensions-messages about ethnic pride, history, and heritage (cultural socialization), and messages about discrimination and racial bias (preparation for bias). Both dimensions are associated with academic achievement, high self-esteem, and positive racial and ethnic identities, all of which can contribute to mental well-being and resiliency. Yet, little attention has been given to the ways in which the racial socialization process may affect the racial and ethnic identity development of Latina/os. Considering that Latina/os are of varying phenotypes, it is important to understand the racial socialization process and the effects on the racial and ethnic identity development of Latina/os. Through the voices of 9 Latinas, this article explores the experiences of racial socialization, specifically cultural socialization and preparation for bias, and the multifaceted effects on racial and ethnic identity construction. Based on the findings, it appears that Latinas' racial socialization process is limited in regard to preparation for bias, which can be detrimental for dark-skinned Latinas who are likely to experience racial and ethnic discrimination. Research implications are discussed.