Allopregnanolone reverses neurogenic and cognitive deficits in mouse model of Alzheimer's disease

Our previous analyses showed that allopregnanolone (AP alpha) significantly increased proliferation of rodent and human neural progenitor cells in vitro. In this study, we investigated the efficacy of AP alpha to promote neurogenesis in the hippocampal subgranular zone (SGZ), to reverse learning and memory deficits in 3-month-old male triple transgenic mouse model of Alzheimer's (3xTgAD) and the correlation between AP alpha-induced neural progenitor cell survival and memory function in 3xTgAD mice. Neural progenitor cell proliferation was determined by unbiased stereological analysis of BrdU incorporation and survival determined by FACS for BrdU+ cells. Learning and memory function was assessed using the hippocampal-dependent trace eye-blink conditioning paradigm. At 3 months, basal level of BrdU+ cells in the SGZ of 3xTgAD mice was significantly lower relative to non-Tg mice, despite the lack of evident AD pathology. AP alpha significantly increased, in a dose-dependent manner, BrdU+ cells in SGZ in 3xTgAD mice and restored SGZ proliferation to normal magnitude. As with the deficit in proliferation, 3xTgAD mice exhibited deficits in learning and memory. AP alpha reversed the cognitive deficits to restore learning and memory performance to the level of normal non-Tg mice. In 3xTgAD mice, AP alpha-induced survival of neural progenitors was significantly correlated with AP alpha-induced memory performance. These findings suggest that early neurogenic deficits, which were evident before immunodetectable A beta, may contribute to the cognitive phenotype of AD, and that AP alpha could serve as a regenerative therapeutic to prevent or delay neurogenic and cognitive deficits associated with mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimer's disease.