Human missions to Mars and astrobiology: Two sides of the same coin

Human exploratory missions are driven by several aspects of science, technology, culture and economy. The search for morphological or chemical signatures of life or its relics is one of the primary and most exciting goals of Mars exploration. In addition, disciplines like geology, mineralogy, and atmospheric research play a central role in the scientific exploration of Mars. The presence of humans on the surface of Mars will substantially increase this research potential, e.g., by supporting deep surface drilling and by in situ analysis of samples of astrobiological. interest. On the other hand, the import of microorganisms accompanying inevitably any human mission to Mars, or purposely as part of a bioregenerative life support system, needs careful consideration with regard to planetary protection purposes. Before planning any human exploratory mission, the critical issues concerning human health and wellbeing as well as protection of Mars in its pristine condition need to be investigated..