Reverse osmosis powered by concentrating solar power (CSP): A case study for Trapani, Sicily

The objective of this paper is to analyze the physical performance of two technologies in a water and electricity co-generation scheme: concentrated solar power (CSP) plant coupled to a reverse osmosis (RO) unit for a location in the city of Trapani, in southern Italy. The CSP+RO system is also compared with a multi-effect desalination (MED) unit powered by a CSP plant in the same location in Italy, adapting a model developed in a previous study [2]. The location of Trapani is used as it allows the comparison of the simulation results with an existing stand-alone gas powered commercial MED plant located at Trapani [3] (which has operated until very recently). This work was conducted using as the main simulation tools: the system advisor model (SAM) developed by the US National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL); a recent upgrade to SAM made available to this work through the Portuguese Laboratorio Nacional de Energia e Geologia I.P. (LNEG); and the reverse osmosis system analysis (ROSA) developed by the Dow Chemical Company. A technical visit to a real commercial RO plant in the south of Portugal (Alvor) was conducted, and the data gathered was used in the validation of the ROSA model. The results for the Trapani case study show that the CSP-RO arrangement has the capability to produce similar to 46% of the total production of the full scale plant at Trapani, if operated at nominal capacity, year round. Also, the CSP-RO system provides similar to 14% more water and similar to 20% more electricity than the CSP-MED system throughout the studied period of one year. The two co-generation schemes provide promising potential to fight the issues related to fresh water shortages and dependency on fossil fueled desalination. Thus, they can aid in decreasing the effects associated with CO2 emissions and climate change.