Smoothed particle hydrodynamics for simulation of water vapor migration and phase change in unsaturated frozen soil

A water-heat-vapor coupling model of unsaturated frozen soil is established based on energy and mass conservation equations by considering ice-water and water-vapor phase changes, and influences of heat transfer by water vapor and temperature potential on water vapor migration are also considered. The smoothed particle hydrodynamics (SPH) can be used to calculate their evolution process conveniently. In the solution, ice content and vapor content are solved at first, and then followed by solving of unfrozen water content and temperature field. With two steps as such, coupling of temperature field between water and vapor field is implemented. Distributions of unsteady temperature field, volumetric moisture content and water vapor flux in semi-infinite medium with thermal boundary conditions of the first kind are simulated. The results are compared with the analytical solutions without coupling. The water and vapor transfer shows a greater impact on the thermal field. Under the seasonal periodic temperature boundary, the distributions of thermal field and volume moisture content of embankment section are predicted in high compatibility with the actual data, which can well reveal the characteristics of water-thermal-vapor transfer and its phase transformation in unsaturated frozen soil.