Respiration rates in late eggs and early hatchlings of the common octopus, Octopus vulgaris

Respiration rates during late embryonic development and hatchlings of Octopus vulgaris were measured at 20 degrees C. Oxygen consumption rates increased suddenly at hatching, in response to the increase in energetic expenditure due to their constant swimming activity by means of jet propulsion. Estimates indicate that hatchlings consumed three times more oxygen than the embryos at late stages. Chemical composition analysis revealed a relatively high nitrogen content (11%) in O. vulgaris hatchlings with an energy content of 1.09 +/- 0.03J mg dry matter(-1). Specific oxygen consumption in unfed O. vulgaris hatchlings reached values around 0.18 nmol O-2 mu g(-1) h(-1). It was estimated that the oxygen consumption of a medium-size egg mass of O. vulgaris is approximately twice than the oxygen uptake of the respective brooding female.