Competition Nutrition Practices of Elite Male Professional Rugby Union Players

Thirty-four elite male professional rugby union players from the New Zealand Super Rugby championship completed dietary intakes via the Snap-N-Send method during a seven-day competition week. Mean seven-day absolute energy intake was significantly higher for forwards (4606 +/- 719 kcal center dot day(-1)) compared to backs (3761 +/- 618 kcal center dot day(-1); p < 0.01; d = 1.26). Forwards demonstrated significantly higher mean seven-day absolute macronutrient intakes compared to backs (p < 0.03; d = 0.86-1.58), but no significant differences were observed for mean seven-day relative carbohydrate (3.5 +/- 0.8 vs. 3.7 +/- 0.7 g center dot kg center dot day(-1)), protein (2.5 +/- 0.4 vs. 2.4 +/- 0.5 g center dot kg center dot day(-1)), and fat (1.8 +/- 0.4 vs. 1.8 +/- 0.5 g center dot kg center dot day(-1)) intakes. Both forwards and backs reported their highest energy (5223 +/- 864 vs. 4694 +/- 784 kcal center dot day(-1)) and carbohydrate (4.4 +/- 1.2 vs. 5.1 +/- 1.0 g center dot kg center dot day(-1)) intakes on game day, with approximate to 62% of total calories being consumed prior to kick-off. Mean pre-game meal composition for all players was 1.4 +/- 0.5 g center dot kg(-1) carbohydrate, 0.8 +/- 0.2 g center dot kg(-1) protein, and 0.5 +/- 0.2 g center dot kg(-1) fat. Players fell short of daily sports nutrition guidelines for carbohydrate and appeared to "eat to intensity" by increasing or decreasing energy and carbohydrate intake based on the training load. Despite recommendations and continued education, many rugby players select what would be considered a "lower" carbohydrate intake. Although these intakes appear adequate to be a professional RU player, further research is required to determine optimal dietary intakes.