Stochastic parking energy pricing strategies to promote competition arena in an intelligent parking

The use of storage systems has recently been increased to cope with the uncertainties related to renewable energy sources and also to increase the flexibility required for applying energy management system. Energy management system is considered as a key factor to enhance the effective performance of Microgrids regarding energy demand boosting. Since any parking lot with electric vehicles can participate in distribution systems as a storage unit, this paper employs a new technique for parking management system to develop competition between electric vehicles owners inside the parking lot. Parking lot is responsible to support energy management system to decrease the operation cost and to increase the reliability in grid-connected and islanding modes of Microgrid. The new method considers the stochastic behaviors of electric vehicles, including their arrivals and departures with their bids. The strategy of energy management system is based on determining the output power of generation units and the operation mode of the parking lot. This system also provides the demand response programs to consumers for load shifting. A multi-objective optimization problem is used to optimize both the operation cost and the reliability of the Microgrid. The capability of the proposed algorithm is verified by simulation results. (C) 2019 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.