Green synthesis of silver and gold nanoparticles and their potential applications as therapeutics in cancer therapy; a review

Cancer is one of the leading causes of death in the globe. Cancer arises when genes that control normal cell cycle and cell division are mutated, resulting in uncontrolled cell division and proliferation. To date, a variety of medications have been utilized to treat cancer; however, traditional chemotherapeutic agents have reduced bioavailability, quick renal clearance, uneven distribution, and significant adverse effects. Nanotechnology has grown quickly in recent years and offers a wide range of applications in the healthcare field. Bio-mediated nanoparticles (NPs) are low-cost, safe, and biocompatible, and they have piqued the interest of scientists all over the world. These nanoscale materials provide a viable cancer therapy due to their low risk profile and fewer side effects. Various metallic NPs have been developed to cure or diagnose cancer; silver (Ag) and gold (Au) are the most often used anti-cancer NPs. The production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in cellular compartments is thought to be responsible for these NPs' anticancer properties, which leads to the activation of autophagic, apoptotic, and necrotic death pathways. We detailed current advances in the biosynthesis of Ag, Au NPs in this paper, with a focus on their mechanism of action. Nanotoxicity is also discussed, as well as the future prospects and opportunities for nanotherapeutics.