How does urban green space feature influence physical activity diversity in high-density built environment? An on-site observational study

Urban green space (UGS) plays an important role in maintaining and promoting public health because it provides opportunities for outdoor physical activities (PA). Many studies have proved that different UGS characteristics, such as area, shape, distance, etc., have a certain impact on the intensity or frequency of PA. It is noteworthy that most studies are completed on a city scale, which explains how ensemble characteristics of a park affect PA. However, few researchers have explored the relations between UGS features and physical activities at the parcel level. To address this gap, this study has investigated the effect of multiple features of UGS on the diversity of PA, with downtown Shanghai as the study site. To identify types of PA and features of UGS based on on-site observation of a total of 101 sites in five urban parks located in a central district of Shanghai, China, we established an ordinal logistic regression with total types of PA (PA diversity hereafter) as the dependent variable and UGS characteristics as independent variables. The results show that green coverage ratio and diversity of shrubs are positively related to PA diversity, while diversity of trees has an inverse impact. Moreover, the paved area shape index and green view ratio are negatively correlated with PA diversity, which suggests that the irregular shape of paved areas with winding edges and excessive green view ratio are factors detrimental to PA diversity. These findings provide pertinent guidance in the design of UGS for the promotion of PA.