Evolutionary diversification in freshwater sculpins (Cottoidea): a review of two major adaptive radiations

Freshwater sculpins, grouped by their common ecological characteristic of freshwater habitats, comprise the species from the genera Cottus, Trachidermus, Mesocottus and Myoxocephalus as well as the Baikal sculpins. These fishes are typically coldwater-adapted, having probably originated polyphyletically from ancestral species of marine sculpins. Gottus, the most speciose taxonomic group, includes at least 64 species and is distributed throughout the fresh waters of the northern part of the Northern Hemisphere. Indinidual species have diverse life histories, such as fluvial, lacustrine, catadromous, and freshwater amphidromous. The second most abundant group, the Baikal sculpins, includes 33 species in 12 genera representing 3 families, and comprises many benthic, and a few bentho-pelagic and pelagic species. The freshwater sculpins belonging to Trachidermus, Mesocottus and Myoxocephalus include only one or two species in each genus. Recent molecular phylogenetic analyses of Cottus species, Baikal sculpins and their relatives have demonstrated mainly that (1) Cottus kazika is a sister taxon to Trachidermus fasciatus (designated lineage A), (2) Cottus species, except for C. kazika, and the Baikal sculpins are monophyletic, (3) on the basis of (1) and (2), Cottus as presently recognized is not monophyletic, and (4) the Major monophyletic lineages include 7 lineages: lineage B from Eurasia, lineages C and D from East Asia, the Cottopsis clade (sensu Copeia 2005:303-311, 2005) from the west coast of North America, the Cottus clade from the Circum-Arctic sea, the monophyletic Baikal sculpins, and the Uranidea clade. These findings suggested that the monophyletic freshwater sculpins that comprise the lineage A and the 7 other lineages may undergone two major radiations, one having occurred in the fresh water Cottus species in the northern part of the Northern Hemisphere, and the other in the Baikal sculpins in the Lake Baikal, the world's oldest freshwater lake. Through these adaptive radiations, a tremendous diversity of morphological, ecological, physiological and life historical traits now exists in the freshwater sculpins.