Tobacco Dependence Predicts Higher Lung Cancer and Mortality Rates and Lower Rates of Smoking Cessation in the National Lung Screening Trial

BACKGROUND: Incorporating tobacco treatment within lung cancer screening programs has the potential to influence cessation in high-risk smokers. We aimed to better understand the characteristics of smokers within a screening cohort, correlate those variables with downstream outcomes, and identify predictors of continued smoking. METHODS: This study is a secondary analysis of the National Lung Screening Trial randomized clinical study. Tobacco dependence was evaluated by using the Fagerstrom Test for Nicotine Dependence, the Heaviness of Smoking Index, and time to first cigarette (TTFC); descriptive statistics were performed. Clinical outcomes (smoking cessation, lung cancer, and mortality) were assessed with descriptive statistics and chi(2) tests stratified according to nicotine dependence. Logistic and Cox regression models were used to study the influence of dependence on smoking cessation and mortality, respectively. RESULTS: Patients with high dependence scores were less likely to quit smoking compared with low dependence smokers (TTFC OR, 0.50 [95% CI, 0.42-0.60]). Indicators of high dependence, as measured according to all three metrics, were associated with worsening clinical outcomes. TTFC showed that patients who smoked within 5 min of waking (indicating higher dependence) had higher rates of lung cancer (2.07% for > 60 min after waking vs 5.92% <= 5 min after waking; hazard ratio [HR], 2.56 [95% CI, 1.49-4.41]), all-cause mortality (5.38% for > 60 min vs 11.21% <= 5 min; HR, 2.19 [95% CI, 1.55-3.09]), and lung cancer-specific mortality (0.55% for > 60 min vs 2.92% for <= 5 min; HR, 4.46 [95% CI, 1.63-12.21]). CONCLUSIONS: Using TTFC, a one-question assessment of tobacco dependence, at the time of lung cancer screening has implications for personalizing tobacco treatment and improving risk assessment.