Sleep Quality, Emotion Regulation and Parenting Stress in Children with Congenital Heart Disease

The aim of this study is to evaluate parental perceptions of parent-infant bedtime interactions and quality of sleep, after hospital discharge, in a group of children diagnosed at birth with congenital heart disease (CHD), as compared with the perceptions of parents in a control group of children who were healthy at birth. More specifically, we evaluated the associations between parental stress, parental perceptions of infant emotion regulation, and infants' bedtime and sleep routines in each of the two groups. Fifty Italian intact two-parent families (23 boys) of toddlers ageing from 11 to 36 months (M=23.42, SD=7.10) were recruited. 20 families of CHD children group were recruited from the Department of Cardiology at the Bambino Gesu Children's Hospital in Rome, Italy; 30 families of the healthy children group were recruited from two childcare units. Parents completed Emotion Regulation Checklist (Shields & Cicchetti, 1997), Parent-Child Sleep Interaction Scale (PSIS; Alfano et al., 2013), Parent-Stress Index-Short Form (PSI-SF; Abidin, 1990) and ad-hoc semi-structured interview on child's sleep quality. The independent-samples t-test evidenced that parents of healthy children reported significantly higher scores on children's emotion regulation compared with the CHD group Specifically CHD children and healthy children's emotion regulation reported both by mothers (respectively CHD children's mothers: M=26.11, SD=2.9; healthy children's mothers: M=28.85, SD=2.71; t(37) = 3.10, p=.004) and fathers (respectively CHD children's fathers: M=25.76, SD=2.79; healthy children's fathers: M=27.37, SD=2.02; t(31)=2.71, p=.010). Main correlational findings showed in the CHD children's group that parenting stress total scores were positive related to difficult parent-infant bedtime interactions both for mothers (r=.58, p<.01) and fathers (r=.70, p<.01). Results show significant differences in emotion regulation between the two groups. The results of this research will show to the clinicians the aspects of parent-infant bedtime interactions to be addressed in parents of children with CHD.