Loss of the Martian atmosphere to space: Present-day loss rates determined from MAVEN observations and integrated loss through time

被引：211

作者：

Jakosky, B. M. ^{[1
]}

Brain, D. ^{[1
]}

Chaffin, M. ^{[1
]}

Curry, S. ^{[12
]}

Deighan, J. ^{[1
]}

Grebowsky, J. ^{[6
]}

Halekas, J. ^{[18
]}

Leblanc, F. ^{[9
]}

Lillis, R. ^{[12
]}

Luhmann, J. G. ^{[12
]}

Andersson, L. ^{[1
]}

Andre, N. ^{[2
]}

Andrews, D. ^{[3
]}

Baird, D. ^{[4
]}

Baker, D. ^{[1
]}

Bell, J. ^{[5
]}

Benna, M. ^{[6
]}

Bhattacharyya, D. ^{[7
]}

Bougher, S. ^{[1
,8
]}

Bowers, C. ^{[1
]}

Chamberlin, P. ^{[1
]}

Chaufray, J-Y ^{[9
]}

Clarke, J. ^{[7
]}

Collinson, G. ^{[6
]}

Combi, M. ^{[8
]}

Connerney, J. ^{[6
]}

Connour, K. ^{[1
]}

Correira, J. ^{[10
]}

Crabb, K. ^{[1
]}

Crary, F. ^{[1
]}

Cravens, T. ^{[11
]}

Crismani, M. ^{[1
]}

Delory, G. ^{[12
]}

Dewey, R. ^{[1
]}

DiBraccio, G. ^{[6
]}

Dong, C. ^{[13
]}

Dong, Y. ^{[1
]}

Dunn, P. ^{[12
]}

Egan, H. ^{[1
]}

Elrod, M. ^{[6
]}

England, S. ^{[14
]}

Eparvier, F. ^{[1
]}

Ergun, R. ^{[1
]}

Eriksson, A. ^{[3
]}

Esman, T. ^{[15
]}

Espley, J. ^{[6
]}

Ecans, S. ^{[10
]}

Fallows, K. ^{[7
]}

Fang, X. ^{[1
]}

Fillingim, M. ^{[12
]}

机构：

[1] Univ Colorado, Lab Atmospher & Space Phys, 3665 Discovery Dr, Boulder, CO 80303 USA

[2] Univ Toulouse, IRAP, Toulouse, France

[3] Swedish Inst Space Phys, Kiruna, Sweden

[4] NASA, Johnson Space Ctr, Houston, TX USA

[5] Natl Inst Aerosp, Hampton, VA USA

[6] NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD USA

[7] Boston Univ, Boston, MA 02215 USA

[8] Univ Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA

[9] CNRS, LATMOS, Paris, France

[10] CPI Inc, Milwaukee, WI USA

[11] Kansas Univ, Lawrence, KS USA

[12] Univ Calif Berkeley, SSL, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA

[13] Princeton Univ, Princeton, NJ 08544 USA

[14] Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA USA

[15] Univ Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA

[16] Wright State Univ, Dayton, OH 45435 USA

[17] JAXA, Chofu, Tokyo, Japan

[18] Univ Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242 USA

[19] Univ Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan

[20] Tohoku Univ, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan

[21] Analyt Mech Associates, Hampton, VA USA

[22] UCLA, Los Angeles, CA USA

[23] Max Planck Inst Solar Syst Res, Gottingen, Germany

[24] Eastern Michigan Univ, Ypsilanti, MI 48197 USA

[25] Naval Res Lab, Washington, DC 20375 USA

[26] Univ Liege, Liege, Belgium

[27] George Mason Univ, Fairfax, VA 22030 USA

[28] NASA, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA USA

来源：

ICARUS | 2018年 / 315卷

关键词：

Mars; Atmosphere; Solar wind; Mars atmosphere; Mars climate; Magnetospheres; MARS UPPER-ATMOSPHERE; CHAOTIC OBLIQUITY; OXYGEN ESCAPE; PICKUP IONS; HOT OXYGEN; HYDROGEN; WATER; EVOLUTION; VARIABILITY; ELECTRODYNAMICS;

D O I：

10.1016/j.icarus.2018.05.030

中图分类号：

P1 [天文学];

学科分类号：

0704 ;

摘要：

Observations of the Mars upper atmosphere made from the Mars Atmosphere and Volatile Evolution (MAVEN) spacecraft have been used to determine the loss rates of gas from the upper atmosphere to space for a complete Mars year (16 Nov 2014 - 3 Oct 2016). Loss rates for H and O are sufficient to remove similar to 2-3 kg/s to space. By itself, this loss would be significant over the history of the planet. In addition, loss rates would have been greater early in history due to the enhanced solar EUV and more-active Sun. Integrated loss, based on current processes whose escape rates in the past are adjusted according to expected solar evolution, would have been as much as 0.8 bar CO2 or 23 m global equivalent layer of H2O; these losses are likely to be lower limits due to the nature of the extrapolation of loss rates to the earliest times. Combined with the lack of surface or subsurface reservoirs for CO2 that could hold remnants of an early, thick atmosphere, these results suggest that loss of gas to space has been the dominant process responsible for changing the climate of Mars from an early, warmer environment to the cold, dry one that we see today.

引用

页码：146 / 157

页数：12

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