Fingerprint Kalman Filter in Indoor Positioning Applications

In this paper, we present a new filter, the Fingerprint Kalman Filter (FKF), and apply it to indoor positioning. FKF enables sequential position estimation using WLAN RSSI measurements and fingerprint data. Fingerprints that are collected beforehand in a calibration phase contain samples of the radio map in certain points, namely, calibration points. This means that FKF does not need an analytic formula of the measurement equation like conventional Kalman-type filters do (e.g. the Extended Kalman Filter (EKF) and the Unscented Kalman Filter (UKF)). Like EKF and UKF, FKF is based on the recursive computation of the Best Linear Unbiased Estimator (BLUE) and has small computational and memory requirements. An often-used Kalman-type filter for this problem is so-called Position Kalman Filter (PKF) that uses static position solutions as measurements for the conventional Kalman filter. In the test part of the paper, we compare FKF, PKF and different static location estimation methods, namely, the Nearest Neighbor (NN) and the Kernel method. The test data is real WLAN RSSI measurement data. The results indicate that the filters give more accurate position estimates than the static methods. FICF performs better than PKF with NN as the static estimator, and the computational load of FKF is smaller than PKF with the Kernel method.