1. Ecological water reserves are part of the new water management philosophy in South Africa. The estuaries are threatened by excessive water abstraction from their rivers and the consequent reduction in freshwater input. This study was conducted to further improve our understanding of freshwater requirements in terms of nutrients for South African estuaries. 2. The Gamtoos Estuary was sampled between November 1996 and November 1998 to determine its nutrient status and freshwater input rates. Furthermore, the possible existence of a distinct river-estuarine interface (REI) in terms of nutrients has been investigated. Nutrients analysed included phosphate, nitrate, nitrite, ammonia, dissolved organic nitrogen (DON), dissolved organic carbon (DOC), particulate organic nitrogen (PON) as Kjieldahl nitrogen, total particulate phosphorus and total particulate carbon. 3. The Gamtoos River was found not to be the ultimate source of nutrients to the estuary, but non-point sources such as the seepage of fertilisers from adjacent agricultural fields determined to a great extent the nutrient status of the estuary. 4. Results showed that it was not possible to identify a defined river-estuarine interface region for all nutrients. Most were measured in higher concentrations in the lower salinity reaches (<17parts per thousand) where we observed the combined effect of inputs from the Gamtoos River, an agricultural drainage pipe, and fertilizer seepage from non-point sources on nutrient concentration. 5. Prolonged water withdrawal for human use impacts the continuous renewal of the nutrient pool so important to other South African estuaries with relative pristine catchment areas. However, reduced fresh water inputs could enhance eutrophication in polluted estuaries due to a decreased flushing potential of the estuary. In this case the Gamtoos Estuary has a freshwater requirement for freshets and floods to "clean" the estuary of accumulated nutrients and other organic material. 6. This should be a consideration in further freshwater abstraction policies. Conservation issues arise since the Gamtoos Estuary is one of the few permanently open estuaries along the South African coast and serve in this study as an example and as a first attempt to relate freshwater requirements to nutrient dynamics in a South African context. Copyright (C) 2002 John Wiley Sons, Ltd.
