Zingiber officinale driven bioproduction of ZnO nanoparticles and their anti-inflammatory, anti-diabetic, anti-Alzheimer, anti-oxidant, and anti-microbial applications

In the production of nanoparticles that utilizing biological products, bioinspired or green nanotechnology gained significance every single day owing to its ecofriendly and cost-effective nature. In the current study, zinc sulphate salt was used as a source for zinc oxide nanoparticles, ZnO-NPs were stabilized and reduced by bioactive molecules of Zingiber officinale. Further characterization of ZnO-NPs was carried out using UV-Vis spectroscopy, Scanning electron microscopy, Energy dispersive X-Ray spectroscopy, X-Ray diffraction, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. It was found that zinc nanoparticles can be best synthesized at pH 11, temperature 60 degrees C, metal salt concentration of 2.0 mg, and reaction time of 60 min. From antibacterial bioassay, it was observed that ZnO-NPs enhanced the antimicrobial activity of the antibiotics such as Ciprofloxacin, Imipenem, Vancomycin and Amoxicillin-Clavulanic acid up to 35.3, 24.1, 10.5, and 11.2% against S. aureus, while 41.4, 31.8, 15.8, and 23.9% against E. coli respectively, comparing with the zones created by antibiotics alone. Furthermore, ZnO-NPs exhibited significant RBCs hemocompatibility and antioxidant activity, and no significant hemolysis were observed at high concentration of NPs. ZnO-NPs showed significant percent inhibition of alpha-amylase up to 51.12 +/- 0.71% at 400 mu g/mL, and thus showed antidiabetic potential. In Brine shrimp cytotoxic assay, ZnO-NPs were applied against Artemia salina and the maximum mortality rate of 61 +/- 1.6% was observed at concentration of 400 mu g/mL. In Anti-inflammatory assay ZnO-NPs inhibited Cyclooxygenase (COX-1 & COX-2) up to 53.11 +/- 1.12% and 51.14 +/- 1.16% at a concentration of 400 mu g/mL respectively. ZnO-NPs showed significant AntiAlzheimer potential at 400 mu g/mL by inhibiting Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and Butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) up to 62.91 +/- 1.62% and 60.18 +/- 0.21% respectively. It was concluded that Zingiber officinale extract is useful for the reduction and capping of ZnO-NPs. The bioengineered nanoparticles were biocompatible and had the capability of inhibiting Alzheimer's, diabetes, inflammation, and to enhance the efficacy of existing antibiotics against pathogenic bacterial isolates, therefore by utilizing ZnO-NPs in combination with commercially available antibiotics provides an alternate therapy for the treatment of bacterial infections.