Hypertonic Saline Treatment in Traumatic Brain Injury: A Systematic Review

Hypertonic saline (HTS) is a widely used adjunct in the treatment of traumatic brain injury (TBI). However, there is significant variability in practice patterns. Toward the goal of optimality and standardization in the use of HTS in TBI, we performed a comprehensive review of clinical protocols reported in the neurosurgical and neurocritical care literature. PubMed, Web of Science, Cochrane, Scopus, and Embase were independently queried between October and November 2021. The PRISMA guidelines were used throughout the screening process. We identified 15 high-quality studies representing data from 535 patients. We extracted patient demographics, Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) score, mechanism of injury, HTS dosage, and rate of administration. Various HTS concentrations including 3%, 5%, 7.2%, 7.5%, and 20% were used. Modes of HTS administration included bolus (n = 125) and infusion (n = 376). Average length of stay was 22.4 days. Patient GCS score on initiation of HTS was depressed (average mean, 7.15; average median, 4.25 for studies reporting mean and median GCS, respectively). Excluding 2 studies with ambiguous doses, the mean HTS dosage was 2.7 x 10(2) mL across 8 studies and 2.5 mL/kg across 5 (with average post-HTS osmolality level of 304.6 mOsm/L reported in 3 studies). Infusions of 3% and 7.5% HTS are the most used concentrations given their efficacy in reducing intracranial pressure (ICP) and improving GCS score. In addition, lower HTS concentrations strongly correlated with greater ICP reduction. Therefore, lower concentrations of HTS may be practical therapeutic agents for patients with TBI given their efficacy in ICP reduction and safer complication profile compared with greater HTS concentrations. Evidence-based parametric use of HTS stands to improve patient outcomes by standardization of varied clinical practice.