The Presence of Gender Bias in Letters of Recommendations Written for Urology Residency Applicants
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作者:
Filippou, Pauline
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机构:
Univ N Carolina, Dept Urol, 2113 Phys Off Bldg,170 Manning Dr, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USAUniv N Carolina, Dept Urol, 2113 Phys Off Bldg,170 Manning Dr, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA
Filippou, Pauline
[1
]
Mahajan, Sejal
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机构:
Univ N Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27515 USAUniv N Carolina, Dept Urol, 2113 Phys Off Bldg,170 Manning Dr, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA
Mahajan, Sejal
[2
]
Deal, Allison
论文数: 0引用数: 0
h-index: 0
机构:
Lineberger Comprehens Canc Ctr, Multidisciplinary Genitourinary Oncol, Chapel Hill, NC USAUniv N Carolina, Dept Urol, 2113 Phys Off Bldg,170 Manning Dr, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA
Deal, Allison
[3
]
Wallen, Eric M.
论文数: 0引用数: 0
h-index: 0
机构:
Univ N Carolina, Dept Urol, 2113 Phys Off Bldg,170 Manning Dr, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA
Lineberger Comprehens Canc Ctr, Multidisciplinary Genitourinary Oncol, Chapel Hill, NC USAUniv N Carolina, Dept Urol, 2113 Phys Off Bldg,170 Manning Dr, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA
Wallen, Eric M.
[1
,3
]
Tan, Hung-Jui
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h-index: 0
机构:
Univ N Carolina, Dept Urol, 2113 Phys Off Bldg,170 Manning Dr, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA
Lineberger Comprehens Canc Ctr, Multidisciplinary Genitourinary Oncol, Chapel Hill, NC USAUniv N Carolina, Dept Urol, 2113 Phys Off Bldg,170 Manning Dr, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA
Tan, Hung-Jui
[1
,3
]
Pruthi, Raj S.
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机构:
Univ N Carolina, Dept Urol, 2113 Phys Off Bldg,170 Manning Dr, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA
Lineberger Comprehens Canc Ctr, Multidisciplinary Genitourinary Oncol, Chapel Hill, NC USAUniv N Carolina, Dept Urol, 2113 Phys Off Bldg,170 Manning Dr, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA
Pruthi, Raj S.
[1
,3
]
Smith, Angela B.
论文数: 0引用数: 0
h-index: 0
机构:
Univ N Carolina, Dept Urol, 2113 Phys Off Bldg,170 Manning Dr, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA
Lineberger Comprehens Canc Ctr, Multidisciplinary Genitourinary Oncol, Chapel Hill, NC USAUniv N Carolina, Dept Urol, 2113 Phys Off Bldg,170 Manning Dr, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA
Smith, Angela B.
[1
,3
]
机构:
[1] Univ N Carolina, Dept Urol, 2113 Phys Off Bldg,170 Manning Dr, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA
[2] Univ N Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27515 USA
[3] Lineberger Comprehens Canc Ctr, Multidisciplinary Genitourinary Oncol, Chapel Hill, NC USA
OBJECTIVE To determine whether implicit gender bias exists in the urology residency application process, we compared linguistic differences in letters of recommendation (LOR) submitted for male and female applicants. METHODS LOR were abstracted from residency applications to a urology residency program. Linguistic Inquiry and Word Count, a validated text analysis software program, characterized the linguistic content of the letters. Analyzed letters were compared according to gender of the applicant using multivariable analysis, examining the association of applicant gender, letter writer, and letter characteristics. Multivariable analysis was also performed to determine the association of letter characteristics with matching into a urology residency. RESULTS Of 460 letters evaluated, letters for male applicants are written in a more authentic tone compared to letters written for female applicants. Letters written for male applicants contain significantly more references to personal drive, work, and power than letters written for female applicants. Significant differences are maintained on multivariable analysis when controlling for race and Step 1 score of the applicant. Letters with references to power were significantly more likely to be associated with an applicant who matched into urology than an applicant who didn't match. CONCLUSION Significant linguistic differences exist among LOR written for men and women applying into urology, suggesting that gender bias may permeate resident recruitment. These differences may affect the likelihood of women matching into urology. (C) 2019 Elsevier Inc.
机构:
Univ Calif Los Angeles, Dept Ophthalmol, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USAUniv Calif Los Angeles, Dept Ophthalmol, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
Lin, Fei
Oh, Soo Kyung
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Univ Calif Los Angeles, Dept Ophthalmol, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USAUniv Calif Los Angeles, Dept Ophthalmol, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
Oh, Soo Kyung
Gordon, Lynn K.
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Univ Calif Los Angeles, Dept Ophthalmol, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USAUniv Calif Los Angeles, Dept Ophthalmol, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
Gordon, Lynn K.
Pineles, Stacy L.
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Univ Calif Los Angeles, Dept Ophthalmol, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USAUniv Calif Los Angeles, Dept Ophthalmol, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
Pineles, Stacy L.
Rosenberg, Jamie B.
论文数: 0引用数: 0
h-index: 0
机构:
Albert Einstein Coll Med, Montefiore Med Ctr, Dept Ophthalmol & Visual Sci, Bronx, NY 10467 USAUniv Calif Los Angeles, Dept Ophthalmol, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
Rosenberg, Jamie B.
Tsui, Irena
论文数: 0引用数: 0
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机构:
Univ Calif Los Angeles, Dept Ophthalmol, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USAUniv Calif Los Angeles, Dept Ophthalmol, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
机构:
Albany Med Coll, Dept Neurosurg, 43 New Scotland Ave,MC 10, Albany, NY 12208 USAAlbany Med Coll, Dept Neurosurg, 43 New Scotland Ave,MC 10, Albany, NY 12208 USA
Field, Nicholas C.
Pilitsis, Julie G.
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机构:
Albany Med Coll, Dept Neurosurg, 43 New Scotland Ave,MC 10, Albany, NY 12208 USA
Albany Med Coll, Dept Neurosci & Expt Therapeut, New York, NY USAAlbany Med Coll, Dept Neurosurg, 43 New Scotland Ave,MC 10, Albany, NY 12208 USA
Pilitsis, Julie G.
Paul, Alexandra R.
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Albany Med Coll, Dept Neurosurg, 43 New Scotland Ave,MC 10, Albany, NY 12208 USAAlbany Med Coll, Dept Neurosurg, 43 New Scotland Ave,MC 10, Albany, NY 12208 USA
机构:
Lahey Hosp & Med Ctr, Div Colon & Rectal Surg, 41 Mall Rd, Burlington, MA 01803 USALahey Hosp & Med Ctr, Div Colon & Rectal Surg, 41 Mall Rd, Burlington, MA 01803 USA
Al Jabri, Ali
Bhat, Hina
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Lahey Hosp & Med Ctr, Div Colon & Rectal Surg, 41 Mall Rd, Burlington, MA 01803 USALahey Hosp & Med Ctr, Div Colon & Rectal Surg, 41 Mall Rd, Burlington, MA 01803 USA
Bhat, Hina
Abelson, Jonathan S.
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Lahey Hosp & Med Ctr, Div Colon & Rectal Surg, 41 Mall Rd, Burlington, MA 01803 USALahey Hosp & Med Ctr, Div Colon & Rectal Surg, 41 Mall Rd, Burlington, MA 01803 USA
Abelson, Jonathan S.
Breen, Elizabeth M.
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h-index: 0
机构:
Lahey Hosp & Med Ctr, Div Colon & Rectal Surg, 41 Mall Rd, Burlington, MA 01803 USALahey Hosp & Med Ctr, Div Colon & Rectal Surg, 41 Mall Rd, Burlington, MA 01803 USA
Breen, Elizabeth M.
Kuhnen, Angela H.
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h-index: 0
机构:
Lahey Hosp & Med Ctr, Div Colon & Rectal Surg, 41 Mall Rd, Burlington, MA 01803 USALahey Hosp & Med Ctr, Div Colon & Rectal Surg, 41 Mall Rd, Burlington, MA 01803 USA
Kuhnen, Angela H.
Stein, Sharon L.
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机构:
Univ Hosp Cleveland, Div Colon & Rectal Surg, Med Ctr, Cleveland, OH USALahey Hosp & Med Ctr, Div Colon & Rectal Surg, 41 Mall Rd, Burlington, MA 01803 USA
Stein, Sharon L.
Steinhagen, Emily
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Univ Hosp Cleveland, Div Colon & Rectal Surg, Med Ctr, Cleveland, OH USALahey Hosp & Med Ctr, Div Colon & Rectal Surg, 41 Mall Rd, Burlington, MA 01803 USA
Steinhagen, Emily
Saraidaridis, Julia T.
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机构:
Lahey Hosp & Med Ctr, Div Colon & Rectal Surg, 41 Mall Rd, Burlington, MA 01803 USALahey Hosp & Med Ctr, Div Colon & Rectal Surg, 41 Mall Rd, Burlington, MA 01803 USA